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1 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt;
2 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Corresponding Author: Dina El-Sherbiny, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt. Tel: +20502247496; Fax: +20502247496; E-mail: dina_elsherbiny@yahoo.com.
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ABSTRACT |
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INTRODUCTION |
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EXPERIMENTAL |
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GENERAL PROCEDURE |
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DISCUSSION |
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CONCLUSION |
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REFERENCES |
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ABSTRACT
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The voltammetric behaviour of cyproterone acetate (CPA) was studied using direct current (DCt) and differential pulse polarography (DPP). The drug manifests cathodic waves over the pH range of 4-11.8. In Britton-Robinson buffer (BRb) of pH 10, the diffusion current-concentration relationship was found to be rectilinear over the range 3.2-32 μg/mL and 0.5-14 μg/mL using DCt and DPP modes, respectively, with minimum limits of detection (LOD) of 0.13 μg/mL using the DDP. The diffusion-current constant (Id) was 9.29 ± 0.046 (n=9). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the studied compound in its formulations. The mean percentage recoveries in tablets were 99.48 ± 1.25 and 100.01 ± 1.07 (n = 4) using DCt and DPP modes, respectively. The results obtained were in agreement with those of the reference method. A proposal for the electrode reaction was postulated.
KEY WORDS: cyproterone acetate; Direct Current time controlled (DCt); differential pulse (DPP); pharmaceutical dosage forms|
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INTRODUCTION |
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Cyproterone acetate (CPA), 6-chloro-1β,2β-dihydro-17-hydroxy-3′H-cyclopropa[1, 2]pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione 17- acetate (Fig. 1) is a progestogen with antianddrogenic properties. It is used for the control of libido in severe hypersexuality or sexual deviation in men. It is also used for the palliative treatment of prostatic carcinoma. CPA is used with ethinylestradiol in woman for the control of acne and hirsutism and provides also contraception in those women (1).
Literature survey reveals some methods for the determination of CPA in pharmaceutical preparations including spectrophotometry (2-4), HPLC (5-8) and GC-MS (9). Although capillary electrophoresis offers minute sample volume and short analysis time but it is highly sophisticated technique which may not be available in quality control laboratories. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative substitute to these techniques for the routine quality control analysis of CPA, and polarography was a promising substitute. Review of literature revealed that, up to the present time, there have been no reports concerning the electrochemical behavior of CPA. The molecular structure of cyproterone acetate reveals the presence of carbonyl group conjugated with a double bond, which initiated the present study. A simple, specific and sensitive method was developed for the determination of cyproterone in its dosage forms, based on the reduction of the keto group into the corresponding hydroxyl, at the dropping mercury electrode (DME).
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EXPERIMENTAL |
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Apparatus
The polarographic study, DCt and the DPP measurements were carried out using the Polarecord E 506 Metrohm (Herisau, Switzerland). The mercury drop-time of 1 sec was electronically controlled using the 663 VA Stand from the same company. The polarograms were recorded using a potential scan rate of 10 mV/sec. A three-electrode electrochemical cell comprising a Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME) as the working electrode, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and a graphite rod as the auxiliary electrode, was used. Phase selective ACt polarograms were recorded using the same instrument; the superimposed alternating voltage being 15 mV at a frequency of 75 Hz and a phase angle of 90°.
Materials and reagents
All materials and reagents used were of analytical reagent grade.
A stock solution containing 100 μg/mL of cyproterone acetate was prepared in methanol, and further diluted with the same solvent as appropriate. The stock solutions were stable for 10 days when kept in the refrigerator.
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GENERAL PROCEDURE |
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Aliquots of the stock solution were transferred into a set of 25-mL volumetric flasks so that the final concentration is in the range of 3.2-32 and 0.5-14 μg/mL for the DCt and DPP modes, respectively. The solution was completed to the volume with BRb of pH10.0. The whole contents of the flasks were transfered into the polarographic cell, nitrogen gas was passed for 5 min, then the polarograms were recorded in both the DCt and DP polarographic modes respectively over the potential range -0.8 to -1.6 V versus Ag/AgCl. The current (μA) of each of DCt or DPP were plotted versus the concentration (μg/mL) to get the calibration graphs. Alternatively, the corresponding regression equations were derived.
Determination of Cyproterone acetate in Diane-35™ tablets
Ten tablets were weighed and pulverized well. A weighed quantity of the powder equivalent to 10.0 mg of the drug was transfered into a small conical flask. The drug was extracted three times each with 30 mL of methanol, the extracts were filtered through Whatman filter paper into a 100 mL volumetric flask. The conical flask was washed with few mls of methanol and the washings were passed into the same volumetric flask. Then, the solution was completed to the volume with methanol. Aliquots containing the working concentration range was transferred into 25 mL volumetric flasks. Complete as described under “General procedure”. The nominal content of the tablets (concentration found) was determined either from the calibration graph or using the corresponding regression equations adopting either of the DCt or DPP modes.
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DISCUSSION |
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Figure 2 shows the typical (DCt and DPP) polarograms of CPA in BRb of pH10.0 containing 20% methanol. Methanol was added as a solubilizer for CPA, it also decreased the adsorption of the drug likely to occur at the surface of DME. Cyproterone acetate produces well-defined cathodic waves over the pH range of 4-11.8 in BRb (Fig. 3). Reduction of CPA at the dropping mercury electrode was found to be pH dependent, as the E½ values were shifted to more negative values upon increasing the pH (Fig. 3). A plot of E½ versus pH gave two straight lines with one break at pH 8 (Fig. 4). The relation between E½ values and the pH of the solution is represented by the following equations:
E½ = 480 + 80 pH (r= 1.000)
over the pH range 4-7 and
E½ = 1050.4 + 11.36 pH (r= 0.973)
over the pH range 8-11.8
The number of electron transfer at the rate determining step (αna) were calculated from the equation of Meites and Israel (11).
E= E½ - (0.059/ αna) log[i/id-i]
where id is the diffusion current and α is the transfer coefficient. Logarithmic analysis of the reduction waves obtained in BRb of different pH values resulted in straight lines. The αna values were calculated according to the treatment of Meites and Israel (11) and are listed in Table 1, at pH 10.0, αna was 0.885. Assuming that the rate-determining step involves the transfer of two electrons, the value of αna point out to the completely irreversible nature of the reduction process.
Study of the wave characteristics
Changing the buffer concentration over the range 6 × 10-3 M to 6 × 10-2 M was found to yield a negligible effect on the wave height of CPA. This indicates a diffusion-controlled wave, partially affected by adsorption phenomenon.
Cyproterone acetate was found to be stable in BRb of pH 10.0 (the analytical pH) for about one and half hour at room temperature, after which the peak height began to decrease slowly.
The diffusion current constant (Id) was calculated according to Ilkovic equation (12) for varying concentrations of the drug using the following equation:
Id = id/ C m2/3 t1/6
and was found to be 9.29 ± 0.046 (n=9). The results are shown in Table 2.
Mechanism of electrode reaction
The number of electrons consumed during the reduction process was accomplished through comparison of the waveheight of cyproterone with that obtained from an equimolar solution of a previously studied, structurally related, compound and of nearly identical value of diffusion coefficient, namely Spironolactone (13). In BRb of pH10.0, both compounds gave one wave, of the same height. Hence, it is concluded that 2 electrons are involved in the reduction process. Based on the presence of carbonyl group, and by analogy to the reported mechanism of reduction proposed for Spironolactone, the following pathway is postulated (Figure 5).
Analytical performance
Under the described polarographic conditions, at pH 10.0, CPA exhibits a well defined diffusion controlled cathodic wave and sharp differential pulse peak, both are suitable for analytical applications. No polarographic maximum was developed; hence no maximum suppressor was needed.
Plots representing the relationship between the diffusion current of both the DCt and DPP modes versus the concentration of CPA gave straight lines over the concentration ranges of 3.2-32 and 0.5-14 μg/ml using DCt and DPP modes respectively, with minimum limits of detection (LOD) of 0.15 and 0.13 μg.ml-1 using DCt and DPP modes, respectively (Table 3).
Linear regression analysis of the data gave the following equations:
id = 8.97 × 10-4 + 0.027 C (r= 0.9999)
using DCt mode…… and
ip = 1.355 × 10-3 + 0.026 C (r= 0.9999)
using DPP mode.
where C is the concentration in 5g/ml , id is the diffusion current in μA in the DCt mode and ip is the current in μA in the DPP mode.
Method validation
The proposed method was validated using the following criteria; linearity, sensitivity, intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness.
Linearity
Linearity was evaluated by calculation of the regression equations over the ranges given in Table 3.
The sensitivity of the method was evaluated by determining the limit of detection (LOD) according to ICH Q2B guidelines (14).
LOD = 3.3 Sa/b
where the standard deviation of the intercept of the regression lines and b = the slope of the calibration curve. Statistical evaluation of the regression lines regarding standard deviation of the residual (Sy/x), standard deviation of the intercept (Sa) and standard deviation of the slope (Sb) is given in Table 3. The small value of the figures indicates the high accuracy and high precision of the method (15)
Accuracy
To test the validity of the proposed method it was applied to the determination of authentic sample of CPA over the concentration range cited in Table 3. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained using a reference UV derivative spectrophotometric method (2). Using Student’s t-test and variance ratio F-test (15) revealed no significant difference between the performance of the two methods regarding the accuracy and precision, respectively (Table 3).
Precision
Repeatability. The repeatability was performed through analysis of two concentrations of CPA in pure forms adopting the two polarographic modes (DPP and DCt) on three successive times, and the results are listed in Table 4.
Intermediate precision. It was performed through repeated analysis of CPA in pure form applying the proposed method, using the concentrations showed in Table 4, for a period of three successive days.
The repeatability and reproducibility in both modes were fairly good, as indicated by the small values of standard deviation (SD), relative standard deviation (RSD), and percentage error (% Er).
Robustness
The robustness of the method is demonstrated by the consistency of the diffusion current with minor changes in experimental variables that might reasonably be expected to take place during the course of the operation of the method, such as changing the molar concentration of the buffer over the range of 0.006-0.06 M resulted in a negligible effect on the wave height of CPA.
Applications
Both DCt and DPP modes were successfully applied to the assay of CPA in its commercial tablets (Diane-35™). The percentage recovery based on 4 separate determinations are abridged in Table 5. The results are in agreement with those obtained using a reference UV derivative spectrophotometric method (2), where the first derivative of the methanolic solution was measured at 303 nm. Statistical analysis of the results using the Student’s t-test and the variance ratio F-test (15) revealed no significant difference between the performance of the two methods regarding accuracy and precision, respectively (Table 5).
Specificity
The specificity of the method was investigated by observing any interference encountered from the common excipients, such as talc, lactose, magnesium stearate, avisil and starch. These excipients did not interfere with the proposed methods.
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CONCLUSION |
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A simple and sensitive method was developed for the determination of CPA in formulations. It has distinct advantages over other existing methods regarding sensitivity, saving time. Moreover, the proposed method does not require elaborate treatment for the sample or prior extraction for pure form. As well as, the method is sensitive enough for the analysis of lower concentration of CPA as low as 0.5 μg/ml.
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