Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, KasrEl-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt

Corresponding Author: Bassam M. Ayoub,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, KasrEl-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt. Tel: +20125104337; fax: +20224148452;E-mail: drbassamchemistry@hotmail.com.

	ABSTRACT
	INTRODUCTION
	EXPERIMENTAL
	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
	CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES

	ABSTRACT

Simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of saxagliptin in bulk and dosage forms.The proposed methods are based on the charge transfer complexes of saxagliptin with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). All the variables were studied to optimize the reactions’ conditions. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 50-300 μg/ml and 10- 110 μg/ml with DDQ and TCNQ, respectively.The developed methods werevalidated and proved to be precise and accurate for the quality control of the saxagliptinin its pharmaceutical dosage form.

	INTRODUCTION

   Saxagliptin (SXG),(1S,3S,5S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)acetyl]-2-azabicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-3-carbonitrile (Fig.1) is a new oral hypoglycemic drug of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs (1). Saxagliptin is recently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (2). DPP-4 inhibitors represent a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes that functions to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release and reduce glucagons levels. This is done through inhibition of the inactivation of incretins, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), thereby improving glycemic control (3). Literature survey reveals that the drug has been estimated by only one LC-MS/MS (4) and another spectrophotometric method in which saxagliptin was estimated at 208 nm in methanol. Linearity range was found to be 5-40 μg/ml. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.06 μg/ml and 0.18 μg/ml respectively (5).

   The aim of the work is to present the first charge transfer complexation methods for the determination of SXG in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.Charge transfer reactions have been widely used for the determination of electron donating compounds through interaction with π-acceptors­. Among the electron acceptors mostly used in literature are 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) (6-9) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) (10-13).

	EXPERIMENTAL

   Instrumentation

   A Jenway 6800 double beam ultraviolet/visible spectrometerconnected to an IBM compatible computer with 1-cm quartz cell and supported with Jenway flight deck software was used.

   Reagents and reference samples

   DDQ and TCNQ were supplied from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Freshly prepared solutions were prepared (DDQ solution 16.2 × 10^-3 M in methanol), (TCNQ solution 5.4 × 10^-3 Min methanol).Pharmaceutical grade SXGcertified to contain 99.85% and Onglyza^® tablets nominally containing 5 mg of SXG per tablet were kindly supplied by Bristol-Myers Squibb/AstraZeneca EEIG (United Kingdom). Standard stock solutions of SXG (1 mg/ml) was prepared by dissolving 100 mg of SXG inmethanolin a 100 ml volumetric flask and completingto volume with methanol. All the solvents used were of analytical grade.

   General procedures and calibration graphs

   Method using DDQ. Aliquots of SXGcontaining (0.5-3 mg)were transferred into a set of 10 ml volumetric flasks,treated with 1 ml DDQ solution and allowed to standfor 40 minat room temperature (20-25°C) and diluted to volume withmethanol. The absorbance was measured at 461nmagainst reagent blank.

   Method using TCNQ. Aliquots of SXGcontaining (0.1-1.1 mg) were transferred into a set of 10ml volumetric flasks, treated with 1 ml TCNQ solution and allowed to stand for 30 min at room temperature (20-25°C) and diluted to volume with methanol. The absorbance was measured at 838 nm against reagent blank.

   Procedure for the assay of the tablets

   Twenty tablets of were weighed and the coats were removed by carefully rubbing with a clean tissue wetted with using methanol. An accuratelyweighed amount of the finely powdered tabletsequivalent to 100 mgwas dissolved in methanol in a 100 ml volumetric flask, sonicated for 30 minutes and completed to volume with methanol. The solution was then filtered, followed by serial dilution to required concentrations.The procedure was continued as mentioned under general procedures and calibration graphs.

   Effect of the amount of the reagent

   Aliquots of SXG (2.7× 10-3M) stock solutions were introduced into aset of 10 ml volumetric flasks. Different aliquots of (DDQ and TCNQ) were added to each flask to obtain different drug/ reagent molar ratios in an increasing order, and then the procedure was continued as mentioned under general procedures and calibration graphs.

   Stoichiometric relationship

   Job’s method of continuous variation was employed, between standard solutions of 2.7× 10^-3 M of SXG) with the two reagents (DDQwith concentration 2.7 × 10^-3 M and TCNQ with concentration 2.7 × 10-3 M).A series of solutions was prepared in which the total volume of the drug and the reagent was kept at 5 ml. The method was continued as mentioned under the general procedures for the calibration graphs.

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

   Formation of the charge transfer complexes

   The charge transfer reagents applied in this work are DDQ and TCNQ. DDQ is an electron deficient molecule due to the electron withdrawing effect of the two cyano and the two chloro groups. The reaction between DDQ as a π-acceptor with several drugs (6-9) to give a complex which dissociates in polar solvents to a highly colored radical anion has been reported. Likewise, TCNQ is a well known π-acceptor (10-13); this character is derived from the high electron affinity of polyene system conferred by the electron withdrawing effect of the four cyano groups and also from the planarity and high symmetry of TCNQ.

   Optimization of the reactions' conditions

   Different parameters affecting the reactions such as amount of the reagent, reaction time and stability of the color have been investigated. λ_max of measurements of SXG with the two reagents are shown in Table 1. The absorption spectra of the reaction products of SXG with the two reagents are shown in Figures 2-3.

   Rate of complex formation. A study of the effect of time revealed that the maximum color intensity was attained at least after 30 min with DDQ method and at least after 20 min withTCNQ methodas shown in Figure 4.

   Stability of the formed complex. A study of the stability of the formed complex revealed that the reaction product remained stable for further 50 min with DDQ method and for further 60 min with TCNQ method as shown in Figure 5.

   Effect of the amount of reagent. Study of the amount of the reagent revealed that the amount of the reagent was optimized to be four times the amount of SXG in the charge transfer reaction with both DDQ and TCNQ as shown in Figure 6.

   Effect of temperature. Study of the effect of temperature revealed that the reaction was optimized at room temperature in the charge transfer reaction with both DDQ and TCNQ.

   Stoichiometric relationship

   Job's method of continuous variation revealed a molar ratio of of (1:1) drug: reagent was obtained with the two reagents as shown in Figure 7. This may be attributed to the availability of one center as an electron donating group which is the primary amine while the amide nitrogen and cyano nitrogen are not electron donors.

   Quantification, accuracy and precision

   Standard calibration curves were prepared by separately preparing series of different concentrations of SXG and applying the suggested procedures with DDQ and TCNQ. Beer’s law was valid within microgram concentration range of SXG (Table 1). The linearity of the calibration curves were validated by the high value of correlation coefficients. The analytical data of the calibration curves including standard deviations for the slope and intercept (Sb, Sa) are summarized in Table 1.The regression equations of these calibration graphs were utilized for determination of concentrations of the cited drug in bulk and tablets. The results obtained were of good accuracy and precision. The applicability of the procedures for estimation oftablets wasvalidated using standard addition technique as a check for accuracy (Table 1).

   Statistical analysis

   A statistical analysis of the results obtained by the proposed methods for the determination of SXG was carried out by “SPSS statistical package version 11”. The significant difference between groups including the reference method were tested by one way ANOVA (F-test) at p=0.05 as shown in Table 2. The test ascertained that there was no significant difference among the methods.

View larger version : [in a new window] Figure 1. Chemical structure of saxagliptin

 

View larger version : [in a new window] Figure 2. A bsorption s pectra of t he c olored p roduct of s axagliptin (2.7 × 10-3 M) and DDQ (16.2 × 10-3 M) in methanol (a), saxagliptin (2.7 × 10-3 M) in methanol (b) and DDQ (16.2 × 10-3 M) in methanol (c).

 

View larger version : [in a new window] Figure 3. Absorption spectra of the colored product of TCNQ (5.4 × 10-3 M) with saxagliptin (2.7 × 10-3 M) in methanol (a), saxagliptin (2.7 × 10-3 M) in methanol (b), TCNQ (5.4 × 10-3 M) in methanol (c).

 

View larger version : [in a new window] Figure 4. Effect of the reaction time in the determination of saxagliptin with DDQ (series 1) and TCNQ (series 2)

 

View larger version : [in a new window] Figure 5. Effect of stability of the formed charge transfer complex in the determination of saxagliptin with DDQ (series 1) and TCNQ (series 2).

 

View larger version : [in a new window] Figure 6. Effect of the amount of the reagent in the determination of saxagliptin with DDQ (series 1) and TCNQ (series 2).

 

View larger version : [in a new window] Figure 7. Continuous variation plot of the reaction products of saxagliptin with DDQ (—) and TCNQ (----).

	CONCLUSION

   The proposed spectrophotometric methods have the advantages of simplicity, precision, accuracy and convenience for the quantitation of SXG. Hence, the proposed methods can be used for the quality control of the cited drug and can be extended for routine analysis of SXGin bulk and dosage forms.

	REFERENCES

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