Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Box. 888, Taif, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author: Abdulluah A. Altalhi, Biology Department, Taif University, Box.888, Taif, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: aaltalhi2001@hotmail.com.

Running title: Antilisterial Activity of Plantaricin UG1

	ABSTRACT
	INTRODUCTION
	MATERIALS AND METHODS
	RESULTS
	DISCUSSION
	REFERENCES

	ABSTRACT

    Here, plantaricin UG1 was shown to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes LMG10470 (L. monocytogenes) cells. The inhibition was not caused by lactic acid produced by the bacteriocin producing strain Lactobacillus plantarum UG1 (Lact. plantarum). Partially purified plantaricin UG1 had a higher antilisterial activity than Lact. plantarum cells in both Zabady and Kareesh cheese samples during their maturation. Compared to the antilisterial activity in Kareesh cheese, plantaricin UG1 showed a faster effect during Zabady manufacture.

	INTRODUCTION

    Listeria monocytogens (L. monocytogenes) is a gram positive rod that is catalase positive and shows a characteristic tumbling mobility (1). It has long been recognized as a veterinary pathogen and in humans causes a disease known as listeriosis particularly in neonates or immunocompromised hosts (2, 3). A number of listerial outbreaks related to dairy products have been described (4). Two sporadic cases of listerial meningitis were also attributed to consumption of dariy products (5). L. monocytogenes is able to grow in dairy products at various acidic conditions (PH3.5-7) and at various incubations temperatures (10°C-45°C) (6). Hence, inhibition of L. monocytogenes by a safe lactic acid bacterium or its metabolites is of interest. In this regard the bacteriocin planetaricin UG1 produced by Lact. pantarum inhibited some food-borne pathogens including L. monocytogenes in vitro (3, 6, 7, 8, 9). The bacteriocin plantaricin UG1 was active against L. monocytogenes at acidic and neutral PH values (pH3.5-7) and over a wide temperature range (Zero-90°C) (10, 11, 12). The present work was undertaken to inhibit growth of L. monocytogenes during maturation of two Arabian dairy products (Zabady and kareesh cheese) by the bacteriocin plantaricin UG1.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

   Cultures and media: L. monocytogenes LMG10470 was provided from LMG culture collection, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Belgium. It was counted on trypticase soy broth (13). Lact. plantarum UG1, the producer of plantaricin UG1 was provided kindly from prof. Dr. Gamal Enan at Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University , Egypt. The pantaricin UG1 megative variant (BAC ) was obtained as described previously (3, 8). Lact. plantarum UG1 and its BAC were grown in De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium (MRS) (14). Competitive growth of L. monocytogenes and Lact. plantarum UG1 cells (wild strain and BAC variant) were tested in BHI broth (Oxoid). Competitive growth of the zabady and Kareesh cheese starter cultures were also tested in BHI broth. Growth values were tested on agar plates (tryplic soy agar for listerias cells and MRS agar for Lact. plantarum and its BAC strain. The results were obtained from three replicates.

   Preparation of partially purified plantaricin UG1: Lact plantarum was grown in MRS broth for 16 h at 30°C. Cell-free supernatant was abtained by centrifuging the culture (10000 xg. for 10 min at 4°C). The pH value of cell free supernatant was then adjusted to 6.5. This was to exclude the inhibitory activity due to organic acids. This pH-adjusted cell free supernatants were subjected to ammonium sulphate precipitation (50% saturation) as described previously (7). The ammonium sulphate precipitates (surface pellicels and pellets) were recovered in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH6.5, and dialyzed against the same buffer for 24 h at 4°C (13). The partially purified plantaricin UG1 was sterilized by filtration through cellulose membrane filters (0.45 mm, Milipore, Amicon). The activity of partially purified plantaricin UG1 was measured as descurbed previously. One of this partially purified plantaricia UG1 appeared to contain 22880 AU/ml.

   Inhibition of L. monocytoenes by bacteriocin producing Lact. plantarum and partially purified plantaricin UG1 during Zabady maturation:

   Zabady is an Arabian Yoghurt. It was manufactured as follows: Mixture of fresh buffaloe's and cow's milk (1:1) was heated at 80-82°C for 20 min. and cooled to 40°C. The milk was inculcated with 2% v/v of Zabady starter culture (mixture of Lactonacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus cremories, Mircen Culture Collection, Ain Shams University, Egypt), mixed well, distributed to 150 ml scrow capped bottles. The bottles were then inoculated with about 2 × 10⁶ cfu/ml of L. monocytogenes and were classified into three series. First; second series were inoculated with about 2 × 10⁶ cfu/ml of Lact. plantarum (wild strain); BAC respectively. Third series of bottles were treated with about 22880 AU/ml of partially purified plantraricin UG1 (6). The contents of bottles were mixed well by hand Bottles were then incubated at 37°C for three days until curdled well. 5gm portions were taken at regular time intervals and analysed for viable cunts (cfu/ml) of L. monocytogenes as described above.

   Inhibition of L. monocytoenes by bacteriocin producing Lact. plantarum and partially purified plantaricin UG1 during during kareesh cheese manufacture:

   Kareesh cheese is an Arabian dairy product. It was made as follows: Fresh defatted cow's milk was heated at 85°C for 10 min. and then cooled to room temperature (approximately 25°C). The sterile milk was inculcated with 5% v/v mixed starter culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus cremories, Mircen Culture Collection, Ain Shams University, Egypt. It was also inoculated with about 2 × 10⁶ cfu/ml of L. monocytogenes, mixed well and distributed to 2 L scrow capped plastic containers. Those 2 L samples were inoculated with about 2 × 10⁶ cfu/ml of either Lact. plantarum ( the wild strain) or BAC . Other series of 2 L samples were treated with about 22880 AU/ml of partially purified plantraricin UG1 (8). Samples were incubated at 37°C until coagulation (2 days). The curd was scooped into mould (s) and was left to drain for 8 days. 5 g portions were removed every day throughout 10 days of maturation (before and after curd formation). Serial dilutions were prepared and viable counts (cfu/ml) of L. monocytogenes were determined.

	RESULTS

   In a preliminary experiment, growth of L. monocytogenes in BHI broth inoculated with either Zabady starter or Kareesh cheese starter cultures were tested. The results showed nearly comparable growth values of listerias cells in the absence of starter cultures. Growth of L. monocytogenes in Zabady samples (during maturation) inoculated by either Lact. plantarum or BAC strain were tested. Results are given in Table 1. L. monocytogenes alone (control) was increased from 2 × 10⁶ cfu/ml to 9.7 × 10⁹ cfu/ml within 4 days, whereas listerias growth was inhibited in presence of Lact. plantarum (the bacteriocin producer strain) reaching 7.7 × 10³ after 72 h and 1.1 × 10² after 96 h. The BAC strain failed to inhibit L. monocytogenes and growth values of listerias cells were comparable to Lact. Plantarum. Addition of partially purified plantaricin UG1 to the raw milk at the beginning of Zabady manufacture resulted in a marked bactericidal effect with reduction in viable counts of L. monocytogenes by four log cycles after 72 h (Table 2). No growth of lysterias cells was obtained after 84 h (Table 2). However, the difference in colony counts between the treated samples and controls increased to reach 9 × 109 cfu/ml after 84h (Table 2).

   As given in Table 3, inoculation of the raw milk used for Kareesh cheese at the beginning of manufacture processes resulted in a gradual decrease of the viable cell population of L. monocytogenes reaching 2.3 × 10⁴ cfu/ml after 4 days and 9.3 × 10³ cfu/ml after 6 days and 2 × 10² cfu/ml after 10 days whereas growth of L. monocytogenes alone (control) was increased from 2 × 10⁶ cfu/ml to 2 × 10⁹ cfu/ml within 10 days. A significant bactericidal effect of partially purified plantaricin UG1 was obtained during maturation of Karesh chesse samples (Table 4). No growth of listerias cells was observed in Kareesh cheese after 7 days of storage. However, growth of L. monocytogenes cells in controls was increased from 2 × 10⁶ cfu/ml to 2 × 10⁹ cfu/ml within 10 days.

	DISCUSSION

   Bacteriocins are a group of antimicrobial proteins produced by Gram-positive bacteria (15). Use of lactic acid bacteria bacteriocins has been suggested a way to prevent spoilage in dairy products (16). The only bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria and currently used in dairy industry is nisin which is produced by Lactococcus Lactis ssp lactis and has a limited applicability because of its instability at neutral pH (17). In an attempt to fill this gap, our results showed that plantaricin UG1 produced by Lact. plantarum has a vigorous antiliterial activity In Zabady and Karesh cheese samples during their maturation.

   The experiments employed herein were designed to concur with the conditions that occasionally occur during maturation of either Zabady or Kareesh cheese which is often attained at room temperature in the Arabian countryside. The plantarcin UG1 concentration (22880 AU/ml) used in this study was choosed because it was appeared to be an ideal inhibitory one against L. monocytogenes (3).

   The inhibition of listerias cells observed in this study was due to plantaricin UG1, and not to lactic acid produced by Lact. plantarum as the growth values of listerias were unaffected by the plantaricin UG1 negative variant (BAC ). This is consistent with many previous investigations (3, 8, 15, 18, 19). Partially purified plantarcin UG1 had a higher antilisterial activity than Lact. plantarum UG1 cells in both Zabady and Kareesh cheese at maturation. This could be due to adsorption of plantaricin UG1 to both live and dead cells of its producer strain: Lact. Plantarum (3, 8, 9, 20).

   Compared to the antilisterial activity in Kareesh cheese, plantaricin UG1 showed a faster effect in Zabady samples during their maturation. This may be due to increased diffusion of this bacteriocin in Zabady as compared to the more solid curd of Kareesh cheese. These results are in agreement with previous published results (13).

   The antilisterial activity of plantaricin UG1 observed in this study during either Zabady or Kareesh cheese manufacture is quite promising for development of a wider application of the bacteriocin plantaricin UG1 in the dairy industry. In addition, plantaricin UG1 did not affect growth of starter lactic acid bacteria in either Zabady or Kareesh cheese during their maturation and hence this bacteriocin (plantaricinUG1) will be an ideal dairy preservative. This also could replace or reduce the use of dangerous chemical additives.

	REFERENCES

1. Pucci MJ, Vedamuthu ER, Kunka BS and Vandenbergh PA. Inhibition of L. monocytogenes by bacteriocin PA.1 from Pediococcus acidilactici PAC.1. Applied and Environ. Micobiol. 1988; 54: 2349 -2353.
2. Vignolo V, palacios J, Farias ME, Schilinger U and Oliver G. Combined effect of bacteriocins on the survival of various in broth and meat system. Current microbiol. 2000; 41:410-416.
3. Enan G. Nature and phenotypic characterization of plantaricin UG1 resistance in L. monocytogenes J. food Agricul. Environ. 2006 a; 4:105-108.
4. Bille J, Bannerman E and Jaqeec C. Listeria, a new and promising one day system to identify Listeria isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1992; 58:1857-1860.
5. Azadian BS, Finnerty GT and Pearson AD. Cheese–born Listeria meningitis in immunocompetent patient. Lancet. 1989; 1:322-323.
6. Enan G, Al-Hamidi AA and Abdel-Salam H. Influence of environmental conditions on plantaricin UG1 production by Lactobaciillus plantarum UG1 in batch fermentation processes. Alex. J. Pharmaceutical Science. 2002; 17: 114-122.
7. Enan G, El-Essawy A, Uyttendaele M and Debevere J. Antibacterial activity of L. plantarum UG1: characterization, production and bactericidal action of plantericin UG1. Intern. J. Food Microbial. 1996; 30: 189-215.
8. Enan G. control of the regrowing bacteriocin resistance variants of L. monocytogenes LMG 10470 in vitro and in food by nisin plantaricin UG1 mixture. Biotechnology. 2006 b; 5: 143-147.
9. Enan G. Behavosur of L. monocytogenes LMG 10470 in poultry meat and its control by the bacteriocin plantaricin UG1. Intern. J Poultry Science 2006 C; 5:335 -339.
10. Enan G. EL. Sayed MA and Debevere J. Production and characterization of a bcteriocin by Lactiobacillus plantarum UG1. Proceedings of the 8th Belgian Forum for Applied Biotechnology, Brugge, Belgium 1994 a: 1795-1811.
11. Enan G, EL. Sayed MA and Debevere J. Influence of growth medium on Lactobacillus plantarum UG1 growth and bacteriocin production. Proceedings of the 8^th Belgian FORUM for Applied Biotechnology, Burgge, Belgium 1994 a :1795-1811.
12. Enan G, Abdel-Salam H, Al-Azouni E and Deevere J. Partial purification of plantaricin UG1: an anticlostridial bacteriocin produced by Lactobaccillus plantarum UG1. New Egypt. J. Microbiol. 2004; 9:251-266.
13. Enan G. Inhibition of Bacillus cereus ATC 1459 by plantaricin UG1 in vitro and in food. Die Nahrung. 2000; 44:364-368.
14. De Man; JC, Rogosa M and Shrpe ME. A medium for the cultivation of lactobacilli. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1960; 23:130-138.
15. Nettles, C G and Barefood SF. Biochemical and genetic characteristics of bacteriocins of food-associated lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Prot. 1993; 45:349-353.
16. Hoover DG. Bacteriocins with potential for use in foods. The bacteriocins, John Wiley and Stones, New York. 1994: 499-440.
17. Varadaraj MC, Devi N and Manjerck SP. Antimicrobial activity of neutralized culture filtrates of lactic acid bacteria from a cultured Indian milk product 'Dahi'. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1993; 20: 259-267.
18. Kalenhammer TR. Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Biochemie. 1988; 70:337-349.
19. Laukova A and Szikkova S. Antagonistic effect of enterocin CCM 4231 from Enteococcus faecium on ' bryndza' a traditional Slovak dairy product from sheep milk. Microbiological Research. 2001; 1:34-38.
20. Enan G, Al-Amri A. Novel plantaricin UG1 production by Lactobacillus plantarum UG1 in enriched whey permeate in batch fermentation processes. J. Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2006; 4:84-88.

The exquisite patterns on the luxury replica watches dial, the date display window at replica watches six o'clock, and the black sculpted Arabic numerals demonstrate the replica rolex exquisite craftsmanship of rolex watches uk the fine watchmaking style.