General Information

Number pages  Number all pages of the manuscript consecutively, beginning with the title page, including figure legends, tables and references. Citations within the article body of figures and tables must be given in numerical order.

Drugs name   Cite the accepted generic or chemical names for drugs and therapeutic agents and do not abbreviate them. Copyright or trade names of drugs should be capitalized and placed in parentheses after the name of the drug. Names and locates of manufacturers of drugs, supplies, or equipment cited in a manuscripts are required to comply with trademark law and should be provided in parentheses.

Unites of measurement   Unites of measure for any chemicals or drugs should be expressed in the metric system, and temperatures should be expressed in degrees Celsius.

Letters Letters to the editor should pertain to the articles published within the International Journal of Biomedical Science. Text should be less than 500 words.

Permissions   Written permission must be provided for reproduction of borrowed illustrations, tables and identifiable clinical photographs.

Ethical guidelines   Studies involving human beings must be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines on Good Clinical Practice. For the human use and care of experimental animals, internationally accepted principles must be observed.

Publisher’s Contact  Master Publishing Group, 1452 W. Holt Ave, #B. Pomona, CA 91768, USA. Tel: 1-626-282-8661. Email: editor@ijbs.org

Preparation of Manuscript

Title page  The first page of manuscript should indicate the title, author or authors and the name of the department and institute(s) or organization where work should be attributed. A short title (running head), no more than 40 characters, is needed for use as page header. The title page should also carry the information of source (s) of support in the form of grants, equipment, drugs, or all of these, if any. The mailing address of the corresponding author together with postal code, phone and/or fax number, and e-mail address must be provided at the bottom of the title page.

Abstract and keywords   Each paper must include an abstract of no more than 250 English words. The abstract should provide the context or background for the study and should state the study’s purposes, basic procedures (selection of study subjects or laboratory animals, observational and analytical methods), main findings (giving specific effect sizes and their statistical significance, if possible), and principal conclusions. It should emphasize new and important aspects of the study or observations. However there is no need to make paragraph for Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion in abstract.

Following the abstract, a list of 3 to 9 key words in alphabetical order for coding and indexing is required. Please submit Abstract and key words on a separate page.

Text

Introduction.  Describe a context or background for the study. State the specific purpose or research objective of, or hypothesis tested by, the study or observation; the research objective is often more sharply focused when stated as a question. Both the main and secondary objectives should be made clear, and any pre-specified subgroup analyses should be described. Give only strictly pertinent references and do not include data or conclusions from the work being reported.

Articles then should be organized into the following main headings:

Materials   This is optional for clinical investigation.

Methods  The Methods section should include only information that was available at the time the plan or protocol for the study was written. It should be included the following:

Selection and Description of Participants.
     Describe your selection of the observational or experimental participants (patients or laboratory animals, including controls) clearly, including eligibility and exclusion criteria and a description of the source population. Because the relevance of such variables as age and sex to the object of research is not always clear, authors should explain their use when they are included in a study report; for example, authors should explain why only subjects of certain ages were included or why women were excluded. The guiding principle should be clarity about how and why a study was done in a particular way. When authors use variables such as race or ethnicity, they should define how they measured the variables and justified their relevance.

Technical information.
     Identify the methods, apparatus (give the manufacturer’s name and address in parentheses), and procedures in sufficient detail to allow other workers to reproduce the results. Give references to established methods, including statistical methods (see below); provide references and brief descriptions for methods that have been published but are not well known; describe new or substantially modified methods, give reasons for using them, and evaluate their limitations. Identify precisely all drugs and chemicals used, including generic name(s), dose(s), and route(s) of administration.

Authors submitting review manuscripts should include a section describing the methods used for locating, selecting, extracting, and synthesizing data. These methods should also be summarized in the abstract.

Statistics
     Describe statistical methods with enough detail to enable a knowledgeable reader with access to the original data to verify the reported results. When possible, quantify findings and present them with appropriate indicators of measurement error or uncertainty (such as confidence intervals). Avoid relying solely on statistical hypothesis testing, such as the use of P values, which fails to convey important information about effect size. References for the design of the study and statistical methods should be to standard works when possible (with pages stated). Define statistical terms, abbreviations, and most symbols. Specify the computer software used.

Results   Present your results in logical sequence in the text, tables, and illustrations, giving the main or most important findings first. Do not repeat in the text all the data in the tables or illustrations; emphasize or summarize only important observations. Extra or supplementary materials and technical detail can be placed in an appendix where it will be accessible but will not interrupt the flow of the text; alternatively, it can be published only in the electronic version of the journal.

When data are summarized in the Results section, give numeric results not only as derivatives (for example, percentages) but also as the absolute numbers from which the derivatives were calculated, and specify the statistical methods used to analyze them. Restrict tables and figures to those needed to explain the argument of the paper and to assess its support. Use graphs as an alternative to tables with many entries; do not duplicate data in graphs and tables. Avoid non-technical uses of technical terms in statistics, such as “random” (which implies a randomizing device), “normal,” “significant,” “correlations,” and “sample.”

Discussion   Emphasize the new and important aspects of the study and the conclusions that follow from them. Do not repeat in detail data or other material given in the Introduction or the Results section. For experimental studies it is useful to begin the discussion by summarizing briefly the main findings, then explore possible mechanisms or explanations for these findings, compare and contrast the results with other relevant studies, state the limitations of the study, and explore the implications of the findings for future research and for clinical practice.

Link the conclusions with the goals of the study but avoid unqualified statements and conclusions not adequately supported by the data. In particular, authors should avoid making statements on economic benefits and costs unless their manuscript includes the appropriate economic data and analyses. Avoid claiming priority and alluding to work that has not been completed. State new hypotheses when warranted, but clearly label them as much.

Acknowledgments    (optional).

Abbreviations     Define any abbreviations at first mention in both abstract and body of the text.

Conflict of Interest    A statement of financial or other relationships that might lead to a conflict of interest.

Tables. Tables should be prepared on separate sheets. Tables require a heading and figures a legend. Create tables using the table-creating feature of your word processing software or Excel or comparable spreadsheet programs. Cite tables consecutively in the text, and number them in that order.

Illustrations    Illustration(s) include figure(s), chart(s) and picture(s). Figure(s) and Chart(s) require a vector graphics format. For the purpose of accurate reproduction of illustrations, only professional graphs, drawings and original photographs or pictures scanned with high resolution can be accepted. Electronically submitted color illustrations must have a final resolution of 400 dpi (dots per inch). Other electronic photographs, radiographs, CT scans and scanned images must have a resolution of at least 300 dpi. Group several illustrations together for ease of reproduction. Send illustrations by separated file.

References    References which are cited in the text should be numbered consecutively and put the numbers within parentheses at the first mentioned places in the text. However the Arabic numbers on the reference list should be without any brackets or parenthesis. Avoid citing abstracts, references that are “in press” or “submitted”. The format should be author’s surname followed by first name initial. Multiple author names should be separated by comma. Abbreviate journal names according to the Index Medicus system.

Format examples of reference are as follows:

Periodicals    Sequence number. Author 1 - Author 4, (if there are 5 or more, list the first 3 authors and add et al.), Subject. Name of periodical. Year; Volume (issue): Starting Page.

Example of reference format for journal: Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, et al. Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury. Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40

Books    Sequence number. Author, Name of book. the order in which editions are printed. City where the book is published: Publisher, year of publication: Page (starting-ending).

Example of reference format for book:  Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. MedicalMicrobiology.4thed.St. Louis: Medical Microbiology. 4th ed. Mosby; 2002; 135-140

Translated periodicals or books:   Sequence number. Author of original, Subject or book name. Name of author who did the translation, rest is the same as above (1) and (2).

Conference Publications

Conference Proceedings

Vivian, Valerie L, editor. Child abuse and neglect: a medical community response. 1st AMA National Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect; 1984 Mar 30-31; Chicago. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1985. 256 p.

Conference Papers and Abstracts of Papers

Harley, Naomi H. Comparing radon daughter dosimetric and risk models. In: Gammage, Richard B.; Kaye, Stephen V, editors. Indoor air and human health. Proceedings of the 7th Life Sciences Symposium; 1984 Oct 29-31; Knoxville, TN. Chelsea (MN): Lewis Publishers; 1985. p. 69-78.

Electronic Material:

Sample of Journal article on the Internet.

Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [serial on the Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6):[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm

Sample of Monograph on the Internet.

Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving pal­liative care for cancer [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/.

Sample of Database on the Internet. Open database:

Who's Certified [database on the Internet]. Evanston (IL): The American Board of Medical Specialists. c2000 - [cited 2001 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp Assemble manuscripts

Assemble Manuscripts   Manuscripts should assemble in the following order: title page, abstract, text body, acknowledgments, conflict of interest statement, references, figures, graphs, and tables.

Biological Names of Species  The biological names of species should be written in italics at the time of submission.

Procedure for submittal  The manuscript must be in Word format. You can submit your manuscripts through IJBS website. Click here to open your account and start submission.